Aristoi

Wow, what a terrific space opera god adventure story!

The way I described this book to people was this: this is a space opera about gods that become humanized. I mentioned Homer and his humanizing of his Olympians. So there's a long cherished tradition here going back throughout time, the western canon, of pathos, from Plato. What does it mean to be human? A god? What is good and evil? Who gets to justify right and wrong? These are some of the existential philosophical questions this book brings to mind in a general sense, disguised in the form of a 90s space opera. 

In addition to that, the momentum of the book never really stops, not even at the very bitter end. The story itself isn't remarkable, its rather predictable, and we've seen this same science fiction space opera tropes used time and time again within the golden age of science fiction and even the cyberpunk and new wave, it's rather space opera cliché. 

However, it is the way he tells the story that is truly a thrill. The style is simple but downright effective. It was never dull and every moment is a good one. I'm somewhat of a science fiction connoisseur but I missed this one all these years and I know I've missed much more. I would even say it's a required science fiction reading in the genre of space opera. It would be extremely difficult for a new science fiction writer in 2021 to write a space opera this good. It might even be downright impossible unless it was coming from overseas [not the US], maybe China.

Lord of Light

Lord of Light is a terrific science fiction novel written by Roger Zelazny. It was awarded the 1968 Hugo Award for Best Novel. It is was easy to see why this novel won the Nebula Award in 1968. Why? 

Because shock and awe. 

What can I say? This is one of the best science fiction novels I've read in a while [over 6 months], and if you take a look at my reading list [look here] you can tell that I've read a lot of really great science fiction. Although I've read a lot of the science fiction golden age canon, I must add that there's still a lot of great science fiction writers I haven't read. 

Moving on, the idea of gods, Buddhism, Hinduism, was known to me through hippy rock and roll and the flower power generation, even Frank Zappa says in a song, "a book of Indian lore." Keep in mind that I've also read the Bhagavad Gita and a primer on Buddhism entitled What the Buddha Taught, written by a Buddhist monk. But you don't have to know any of that to actually appreciate this book and that's the brilliance of it. However, I will say that known those two other books helps give me somewhat more of an understanding regarding these religious doctrines. Knowing about actual Buddhist parables gave me a much greater appreciation for this book. Having read the Bhagavad Gita, you can clearly see that the Hindu gods and their actions aren't entirely based on imagination. 

I fancy myself as some sort of zen master type. I tap into it quite often as a way to help me get through my day. Seeing our main character, Sam, as a Buddha but without having him actually proclaiming to be a Buddha, or even a god, or even a lesser god, although we still aren't sure what he is, that is something exactly like a real Buddha would do! It's brilliant. Why? Because its simple, it works, and it stays true to how we perceive gods and or prophet-god. The idea of Sam taking over all the godly order, there's a Luciferian catch to it, but the way the book is written, he's nothing like the Bible's Lucifer, nor even Milton's Lucifer, who is a lot more endearing in a sense than the Biblical version. Although the story is all over the place and the fight scenes are mostly just cinematic metaphors with thunder and lightning, the story makes sense until almost the complete end around the 230 page mark, where things go all over the place. But that's okay. I'll forgive Zelazny because it's fun. 

Zelazny is a stylist. Here the book turns out amazing not because the idea is great, unique, or original, rather it is because it is written in Zelazny's true voice, or original style as I will call it here, and because the writing is simply put, shock and awe. The idea of a science fiction novel in 1968 that's inspired by Hindu and Buddhist ideas from the East was probably a novel idea at the time, but it isn't so original these days. If this book was written in the modern era it would have a completely different effect on the audience, the reader. Because ideas were still new back then, and because it is precisely because its original that it doesn't matter if a lot of it doesn't make sense. Why? Because the way its written, the style, it just works.

A lot of the fight scenes between the gods make no sense. But it doesn't have to. Such is the nature of the gods. Long live the Lord of Light. 

The Epic of Gilgamesh

The epic of Gilgamesh is a trip. Dating back to Mesopotamia around 2112 BC, it's one of the oldest works of writing in human history. Older than anything I've ever read. Of course, the original story was written on clay tablets in Akkadian, but today we have these English translations that may or may not be a direct translation. This makes for interesting reading for the modern reader like myself. 

The story is about a ruthless king named Gilgamesh. This guy is such an asshole that he rapes any woman he wants, and even rapes a woman on her wedding day. Gilgamesh is on the war path, treating his subjects like crap. The old Babylonian gods are mad at Gilgamesh, who happens to be 2/3's god but still a mere mortal. So they decide to create an equal to go up against him and show him whats up. Nobody is equal to Gilgamesh in strength or wit until the gods create Enkidu from clay. Enkidu is first a wild man, living with the animals in nature. Eventually, a hunter finds him and takes him to the city, where he joins civilization. After he realizes that the animals don't like him anymore he sees that he has become apart of mankind. 

Enkidu hears about the bad stuff Gilgamesh does so he challenges him to a fight. They wrestle for a long time until Gilgamesh gets the upper hand and defeats him. After that, they see each other as equals and become fast friends. Sounds like the fight I had between my first bully in middle school.

Later, they decide to take up the mantle of heroes. The two embark on a voyage to this forest that is forbidden to mortals. They just want some trees and show off that they are heroes for going where mortals aren't allowed. They go there and find the guardian of the forest, a monster that guides the forest for the gods. They kill the monster, take some trees, and build a boat out of it and go back home to Uruk as heroes.

Later, the goddess Ishtar attempts to seduce Gilgamesh but he's not interested. She gets mad and has her father, Anu, the god of the sky, creates a monster called the Bull of Heaven to fight Gilgamesh but together, Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay the beast. However, as punishment for killing the Bull of Heaven the gods decide that one of our two heroes must die. Enkidu draws the shortest straw. Enkidu gets sick and tells Gilgamesh of visions of the afterlife before he croaks.

Enkidu's death causes Gilgamesh grief, something he had never experienced before, experiencing the death of a loved one. This causes Gilgamesh to seek out a way to cheat death and live forever. Gilgamesh goes through many trials on his own but finds his way to  Utnapishtim. Utnapishtim is the first Noah as in Noah's ark. The gods created a flood that destroyed all of mankind but Utnapishtim ended up creating an ark that housed two [male/female] of every animal, to save life after the Deluge. After the gods saw that he did this and ended up living after the flood they granted him eternal life. Utnapishtim offers to give Gilgamesh the gift of eternal life but he has to do one thing first: He has to stay awake [without sleeping] for an entire week. Gilgamesh foolishly attempts to do it only to fail spectacularly. He prepares to go home in shame and sorrow. But then Utnapishtim's wife feels sorry for Gilgamesh and has Utnapishtim tell Gilgamesh where he can find this plant that will restore life back to its vibrant youth [pretty much eternal life sort of]. Gilgamesh finds the plant easily, but when he's sleeping a snake comes and steals it [echoes of Satan of the Bible], sheds its skin, and regains its youth, leaving Gilgamesh defeated. 

The story ends with Gilgamesh going back to Uruk and coming to terms with his mortality. He realizes that the city he has will be his everlasting legacy. He realizes that although he and the city may be forgotten the human race will live forever [sort of].  

Well, where do we start? In terms of themes, there's a lot going on here. There's love, friendship, and loss once Gilgamesh becomes best friends with Enkidu, and then Enkidu ends up dying. This is a theme that continues throughout literature even today. When Enkidu becomes a best friend Gilgamesh changes, starts to feel compassion for others. In fact, he had changed so much that when he got the plant that restores youth, he was planning on giving it to the elders of Uruk. I did not see that coming.

Another major theme is the inevitability of death. This is a theme that continues throughout literature today as well. Here we have a guy who tries to overcome death but inevitably realizes that he's a mere mortal like all of us. He comes to grips with reality and sees that the life he has is the only life he will ever have so he should make the most of it and live a fulfilling life. Although Gilgamesh is part god he's still mortal too after all. 

It should also be noted that there are parallels here between Gilgamesh and the Bible. The flood story [called the Deluge here] is completely identical to the story of Noah's ark in the Bible exempting the fact that God didn't make Noah immortal for doing that in the Bible. Also, the poem makes a serpent the thief of eternal life [the youth-restoring plant]. This is identical to when Satan takes the form of a snake and persuades Eve to eat the apple from the forbidden area of the Garden of Eden. It's remarkable that Gilgamesh and the Bible are so similar especially because they were separated by so much time. This shows the legacy of literature. Once something is written down it may last forever [or 4000 years in this case]. And that really shows how important the epic of Gilgamesh is.

Closing thoughts 

This is a fast read but an interesting adventure. It's a classic because it's one of the oldest surviving works of fiction and its themes are still being rehashed today. The gods of these ancient times are still talked about today [usually in conspiracies] and they resonant with the Greek/Roman/Norse gods as well. You see a pattern here with the way the gods behave here as well as in the Iliad, Odyssey, and Aeneid. You see a pattern with the savage violence of monsters here as you do in say, Beowulf. However, I'm just comparing these things to each other because I read them all in one fell swoop. They are all very different of course. I think I would understand Gilgamesh better if I knew more about those ancient times but for now, the long introduction of the translation I had [Penguin Classics] will have to suffice. This is a grand tale worth your attention and time. If you like epics, poetry, fiction, and classics then this will definitely take up space on your bookshelf. You don't forget a tale like this easily because it's just that damn good. 

The Iliad

The Iliad is one of those majesterial works. It's an all-time classic Western masterpiece, maybe THE classic Western work of fiction. I read Robert Fagles' translation, released in 1996. It's one of the best books of 1996. Fagles brings the archaic ancient fiction story into the modern age with his translation. Sure, it isn't 100% what it is in Greek BUT it stays faithful to it AND reads like beautiful epic poetry. Rather than write my typical book review blog post, I'm going to explain the story itself just a bit and then point out things about it.

I'm familiar with epic poetry. I've read John Milton's Paradise Lost, Dante's Inferno, and the King James Bible. However, Homer's meter and verse are much different, of an older time period, a dramatic, emotive, precursor to all that Renaissance stuff in Europe after the Dark Ages. Homer portrays the Trojan War in a brutalist manner, complete with brains and entrails flying over the battlefield. One thing that Homer makes clear is that once a man is dead, he is dead. Nothing becomes of him. Later in the European Rennaissance, orators, writers, and poets would use Christianity as justification for salvation or damnation after death. Interesting little tidbit.

There's this big Homer debate. Was he blind? Could he write? Was he illiterate? The Iliad is some 2,700 years old and there's evidence that supports that the story was altered, changed over hundreds of years. Homer was the Shakespeare of his time. It doesn't really matter if he was a blind oral poet or one of the very early Europeans who could write on stones or papyrus. In his day you didn't write unless you were of the upper class. Most people were illiterate. So it goes. 

The story itself is about Helen of Troy. The Trojans are safeguarding her in Troy. Meanwhile, the Acheans are coming to kill them, take back Helen, and the city. The fighting description and imagery are so raw, visceral that I joked with my friends that the violence in the Iliad makes me want to throw up. Some of it is pretty gut-wrenching. At times it can be a bit much. But fictional death can't be all that bad, right? Well...

At some point, Patroclus, Achilles' friend [and people have also said that Patroclus was Achilles' lover] gets killed by Hector, son of Priam, king of Troy. Achilles responds by going to war. Thus the Iliad is about the Rage of Achilles. Rage is definitely what it was. He goes on a massive murder spree, even chasing Trojans into the river and killing them there. The gods get involved in all the fighting. This war takes place over multiple years by the way, so this really is epic in proportion, even more, epic than Avengers End Game [review here].  

This is a battlefield where men give speeches, telling their life story and taunting to their enemies before they duke it out in a blaze of glory and honor. A lot of times both sides are fighting harder and harder every time an enemy gets a leader or champion's corpse and tries to defile it, stabbing at it, mashing it up, etc. This leads to both armies gaining fighting strength in order to preserve said dead allies' body so that it can be brought to their family for a proper burial. Not to mention Poseidon's war cry, making troops gain sudden strength and will. 

The gods intervene a lot. They seem to have a big stake in this. Achilles is destined to die if he fights in the Trojan War-a prophecy from his goddess mother Thetis. Hera and Artemis work to undermine the Trojans. Poseidon fights on the actual battlefield for a large portion of the story. Gods shield certain champions from certain death. Zeus makes sure Hector's body gets back to Priam, back to Troy, because Hector was a much-loved champion who always praised Zeus and sacrificed the right amount of goats and pigs in Zeus' honor. This shows that the gods will always be involved in mortal human life. They all have their reasons. But maybe they just don't have anything better to do? 

Achilles kills Hector and defiles his corpse by dragging it around the battlefield, three times around Patroclus' grave. Now satisfied, Achilles holds the greatest games, the last chapter entitled Funeral Games For Patroclus [perhaps a precursor to the Olympic Games]. There are all kinds of contests in honor of Patroclus, fighting to the death even. And there's a huge bbq party, and Priam, Hector's father comes. 

When Priam comes to get Hector's body for Achilles, Achilles goes from rampaging god-like creature to a mere mortal when he realizes that Priam's love for Hector reminds him of his father. You could say that at that moment he is humanized, no longer the raging invincible monster, angry because Agamemnon, lord of men stole his girl. His rage is hard to justify.  Because he didn't fight until the end of the war he caused a lot of death amongst his comrades. 

So what is the Iliad about? Generally speaking its about a city about to get sacked. But in between, we have the making of the origin story of tragedy. The Iliad is usually described as the Rage of Achilles but it can also be thought of as the Tragedy of Hector. Although Achilles was a master warrior and a much better fighter than Hector, Hector, in fact, was much more loved, more loving, and a better man to his family and comrades. No wonder Zeus brought his body back to his family. The caveat is that Priam [Hector's father] had to get the body personally from Achilles, who might have killed him if not for the threat of Zeus looming overhead. Very dangerous move for the King to go out and meet with the enemies, especially right before your city is about to get sacked. 

This story has everything: love, war, death, honor, love, sex, gods, mortals. Robert Fagles' translation is easy to understand. The lines all flow in a cohesive way. You have to read a good translation for the Iliad or any work of ancient fiction. A crappy translation will completely ruin the experience. I enjoyed the Iliad so much that now I'm reading the Odyssey, also the Robert Fagles translation. I've caught the ancient fiction bug all of a sudden. I have plans to read the Aeneid and Beowulf after.

You pick up this book and you realize its a 617-page behemoth. I was deep into it, reading it on and off for a while. I started on page 240 on Monday and by Wednesday I had finished the book on page 617. I managed to read 400 pages in three days in a wild burst of long and super enjoyable reading sessions. The language is simply beautiful. I can't explain the mechanics of the poetry at work here, the line, meter, verse and all that but there's overarching linearity to the prose here. It's like the entire work itself connected in such a way that it was all one long sentence. Like it was an oratory experience. This is one of those books I will definitely come back to. I would love to read other translations. 

How could you rate this book? It's a masterpiece, a complete 5 out of 5 stars. Anyone who disagrees either doesn't like epic poetry or just doesn't get it. That's fair too, to not get it. After all Greek mythology isn't for everybody. But I sincerely believe that this ancient fiction is so magnificent that most people would enjoy it. Especially Robert Fagles' version. Do check out this book, it's one of the best books ever.

The Song of Achilles

The Song of Achilles is Madeline Miller's debut novel, released in 2011. It took her ten years to write. The novel is a modern retelling of the Iliad that focuses on Achilles' friendship with his friend Patroclus. Miller was inspired by Homer's story from the Iliad. She wanted to explore who Patroclus was to Achilles, and in this case Patroclus is Achilles' best friend and lover. This idea is quite old as Miller says she stole the idea from Plato. The actual Iliad doesn't explicitly say they are lovers, but its sort of implied. The book won the 17th annual Orange Prize for Fiction. Homer would be proud of  her! 

Before I go in depth here I want to say that this is an amazing novel. After finishing the novel I was riding a high for nearly two days straight. Its only 360 pages but it feels like it was a 1,000 pages, 1,000 grand pages of beautiful prose. It was like falling in love in a way, like how I am with music. I was so into it that I finished it in nearly 4 days, forget the two week library rental. That being said, lets talk about what makes this book great. 

The prose. The fact that Miller worked on the novel for five years, but completely scrapped everything because the narrator's voice wasn't developed well enough shows you the depth of her writing powers. The writing style here is very much a la Homer, like the Iliad. Its a modernized version so its all complete sentences and full thoughts, a little less poetic because of these fully thought out sentences, but it still has a poetic beauty, albeit a modernized one. Like her second novel Circe, The Song of Achilles has a young adult novel feel to it, in the sense that the story is about two boys who grow up together and fall in love. Miller really knows how to describe young people in love, I learned this from Circe as well as this book. If there's one thing I learned from Miller its that one can never underestimate young love, its one of the greatest and most powerful things in the universe. 

The story is told from the first person point of view, from Patroclus' point of view, Achilles' lover and best friend. Patroclus is somewhat of a loser, he was exiled from his Princely happenstance after he killed a boy by accident. He becomes a somebody when Achilles wants him to be forever by his side. In addition, Patroclus becomes a hero in the Trojan War when he kills Serpedon, a son of Zeus, a god. This makes Patroclus a hero in the Trojan War. 

Next, lets talk about the story. So the story is sort of slow until the end, then it builds to a climax and ends on a high note, its fantastic. It begins with Achilles and Patroclus meeting in their youth, they begin a friendship, and then eventually a romantic, sexual relationship. The boys meet each other as young as 10 or 12. They get trained in the art of war as well as other things men should learn by a centaur, that Achilles' mother, a goddess named Thetis, is an associate of. 

From there Achilles gets asked to fight in the Trojan War, to save Helen, the most beautiful woman in the world, "the face that launched a thousand ships." This is where the novel really takes off as something else, not just a loving relationship. Its interesting to note that the war parts of the novel are very graphic and gory. However, the sex scenes here are all polka dots and moonbeams, like softcore porn. Miller is willing to describe men's guts hanging out of their stomachs but won't go near the physicality of gay sex, interesting choice, can't say I blame her. But we as an audience know better than that. 

Inspiration. This book is inspiring to read. There's something about it that sticks with you for a long time. Its only been two days since I finished reading it and not only do I have a great sense of accomplishment from reading it but I also realize that this is something I will remember for a long time because a) its terrific writing b) its a great story and c) its inspirational. 

By inspirational I mean that the novel got me reading the actual Iliad, of which I have two different translations. This book prepared me for the epic poetry of the Iliad, which was indispensable. I have read epic poetry before. I've read the Bible in its entirely about ten years ago. I've read Shakespeare. Now I'm finding myself reading more of that kind of material. The interesting thing to note is that I bought two different copies of the Iliad, a hardcover and a paperback, but I never read any of them until now. Now is the time. This is what I call a great inspiration. 

If a writer can get you to go back and read what is arguably the beginning of Western Literature you know that's a great writer. This is a novel fit for young adults, adults, anyone curious and sophisticated enough to appreciate fine literature.

Circe, the good witch

 

Circe is a new novel from April 2018 written by Madeline Miller, a classicist and teacher who won the Orange Prize For Fiction, for her first novel The Song of Achilles. I think so highly of Circe that I already went ahead and ordered The Song of Achilles from the library server.
 
Circe is a a great modern take on mythology. We've all read mythology as kids. Probably when teachers forced it upon us in grade school or middle school, maybe even high school. Circe is the daughter of Helios (sun god and Titan) and an unimportant naiad named Perse. The story is told from Circe's point of view, the first person. Its quite a stunning tale.
 
The novel starts with Circe as a young naiad, living in the halls of the gods. The beginning has a young mind framework, you get the sense that yes Circe is a god but she also started off not unlike humans, young, immature, and afraid of the world. The first couple chapters makes Circe look like a teenage girl. At first I was thinking, am I reading some sort of classical mythological young adult novel?  
 
The book kicks off plot-wise once Circe notices that Promethus (a Titan, a god) has been punished hardcore. He was caught helping humans, teaching them the art of fire and culture. His punishment was being chained outside and having his liver pecked at by birds for eternity. Once his liver regenerated, the birds would come back the next day and do it all over again. Talk about harsh.
 
Circe goes out and helps Prometheus but once Zeus finds out she's helped him Circe gets cast out from the halls of the gods, her punishment being imprisonment on her own island, which is where the common tales of Circe stem from.

Most people know Circe as a witch who lives on an island and pretends to help lost sailors on their wayward travels. Then she turns them into pigs using magic, otherwise known in the gaming world as casting polymorph, pretty neat trick. But Circe is shown in this novel as not just being an evil witch.
 
She started turning men into pigs because she was sexually assaulted by the first men who came to her island, which brings to mind the issue of rape in modern society. There's a feminist tone to Circe's actions once she interacts with the mortal world, man in particular.
 
Another strong feminist tone in the novel is when Circe becomes a mother to a mortal son. She exclaims that she will do anything for her son, including claw her eyes out. She lives for her son and loves her more than anything. In motherhood we cannot see Circe as just a witch who plagues men. She is a loving character, much like mortal mothers are their kids.
 
Circe's love for her son is symbolic for the maternal love of mothers. It made me think about my relationship to my mother, weather good or bad ultimately a mother does whatever they can for you because they love you. Even their mistakes and bad actions are acts of love. Of course making Circe a loving mother humanizes her and turns her into a good witch, which isn't the usual myth tale.  
 
And then of course there's plenty of other interesting stuff that happens. Circe turns a mortal into a god using magic, but once the man, Glaucos decides to marry another unimportant naiad instead of her, despite the fact that they were lovers when he was mortal, Circe gets made and uses magic to turn Scylla, the unimportant naiad into a multi-headed monster, who goes on to plague man in the seas for generations. Typical bickering, even among gods.
 
A cool part that I enjoyed in particular was when Circe swam to the bottom of the ocean and met with an ancient sea god. They come to an agreement of some sort where Circe got to keep his tail, which was a weapon of poison, of godly destruction. Circe later uses this weapon to fight against Scylla. The weapon turns Scylla to stone.
 
What makes Circe such a great novel is that the prose is elegant and sharp. There's classical meaning to terms and phrases. There's modern every day exclamations. The story itself feels like an eternity, the life of Circe, a goddess. You get the sense that this is what a god's life could really be, thousands of years old and still feuding with your relatives over petty things.
 
The first person view for the narrative plays a key role in this book's success. Because everything is told by Circe in the first person you get to understand all the different nuances of the character in question. We begin to understand Circe's thoughts and actions, and vice versa. In this point of view we can relate more to Circe, turning her into a good witch despite turning men to pigs with spells.
 
The novel reads incredibly easy. Not that its kiddie stuff or young adult by any means. More that the writing isn't complicated or busy, just technical enough to be of mythological historical importance. But not overbearing with the technicalities of it, and even offering new slants and points of views within the story.
 
It was a great read, I recommend it to anyone who wants to read something different and very good.